Here is a statistic which every driver should find alarming: More than 30,000 people nationwide are killed in motor vehicle crashes annually.1
Since the introduction of the automobile in the United States in the early 20th Century, it has been our primary means of transportation. We value our personal freedom and mobility, and this machine allowed us to assert our independence. But this came at a cost: collisions caused by motor vehicles in 2014 were the leading cause of death in the United States for individuals aged 11 and 16 to 24.2

What Causes Traffic Crashes?

In order to address the problem of traffic crashes, we must look at what causes them. The most common contributing causes of fatal motor vehicle crashes in the State of California in 2013 were: driving a vehicle or bicycling under the influence of alcohol or other drugs (20%), improper turning (19%), unsafe speeds (15%), pedestrian violations (15%), automobile right-of-way (8%), traffic signals and signs (5%), and driving on the wrong side of the road (5%).3

Although there may be several factors that contribute to crashes, they can all be grouped into three general categories: the roadway environment, the vehicle itself, and people. For example, the causes mentioned above can all be attributed to people. They are largely the result of negligence, though underlying factors such as distractions, stress, judgment errors, and especially driver attitude also play a part. Those involving vehicles include mechanical failure or design flaws. Environmental factors include road conditions, road design, the weather, and environmental hazards. Of the three factors, the one that is responsible for more than 90% of all crashes is the human factor.4

The Magnitude of the Problem

To gain some understanding of how severe the problem of traffic crashes is, we need to look at some statistics. In the next few paragraphs are some national statistics from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and some figures for California from the SWITRS (Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System). If we look at the numbers in California, we can see that people themselves are the main contributors to traffic crashes. Of the 2,853 fatal crashes that occurred in 2013 (the last year for which a complete set of statistics is available) in California, nearly 19% (544 crashes) were due to improper turning. Driving at an unsafe speed led to 436 fatal crashes, while failure to yield the right-of-way caused 312 crashes resulting in fatalities.5 These are just the crashes that resulted in fatalities. Few other activities in which we so often partake are this deadly. The simple act of driving your vehicle is the single most dangerous thing that you can do on a regular basis. The overall cost of motor vehicle crashes to society was estimated at $242 billion in 2010 (the latest figures available in a 2016 NHTSA report), which comes to around $7,674 per second!6 In the State of California, these crashes cost an estimated $21.6 billion (as of 2013), or $685 per second!7 That’s almost 8% of the estimated national cost. Consider the societal costs of traffic crashes in terms of lives: in the United States, someone is injured in a motor vehicle crash every 16 seconds, and approximately 4 people die every hour.8 In California, an injury sustained from a crash occurs approximately every 2 minutes and 21 seconds, while a death results every 2 hours and 5 minutes. In 2013 in California, almost 72 people were injured for every person killed in a motor vehicle collision.9

According to the 2014 NHTSA Summary of Motor Vehicle Crashes report, there were approximately 6,064,000 reported crashes that killed 32,675 people and injured an estimated 2,338,000 people. The number of people who died was a slight .7% decrease compared to 2013 figures. This amounted to an average of 90 people dying each day, or one every 16 minutes.10

In California alone, 159,762 fatal or injury motor vehicle crashes (2% of the national number) claimed the lives of 3,104 people (9% of the national number) and injured 223,128 others (according to the 2013 SWITRS). This averages out to approximately 438 crashes, 9 people killed, and 611 people injured each day! More specifically, 2,853 crashes led to fatalities, while 156,909 collisions resulted in injuries. The overall numbers for 2013 represent a continued general decline in collision fatalities and injuries over the last decade in California.11

According to the NHTSA, 10.25 people were killed in traffic crashes for every 100,000 people nationwide in 2014. 12 In California, that rate was 7.92 deaths for every 100,000 Californians. If there is a silver lining in this statistic, it is that this number represents a decline from 10.39 in the U.S. and 8.08 in California in 2013.13

Who Are The Traffic Crash Victims?

2014 NHTSA figures show that drivers 25 to 34 years of age represented 20.5% of all drivers involved in fatal crashes nationwide. That is a large percentage when compared to 9% for drivers 20 and younger, 10.6% between 21 and 24, 15.8% between 35 and 44, 16.8% between 45 and 54, 13.7% between 55 and 64, and 13.6% for 65 and older. 14 The numbers were similar for those in California. Of the 1,757 drivers involved in fatal traffic collisions on the roads in California in 2013, 4% were 19 and younger, 16% were 20 to 24, 23% were 25 to 34, 17% were 35 to 44, 15% were 45 to 54, 11% were 55 to 64, and 10% were 65 and over.15

Furthermore, male drivers accounted for 74% of all traffic fatalities nationwide in 2014, while 25% were females. It is not surprising more than 70% of those killed in motor vehicle collisions were also male.16 In 2013 in California, the ratio was similar with males accounting for 76% of all traffic fatalities, and female drivers accounting for 23%.17

Of the 32,675 people killed in motor vehicle collisions in the United States in 2014, approximately 50% were drivers, 18% were passengers, 14% were motorcyclists, 2% were pedal cyclists, and 15% were pedestrians.18 Of the 3,104 people killed in fatal crashes in 2013 in California, 51% were drivers, 19% were passengers, 24% were pedestrians, 5% were bicyclists, and 15% were motorcyclists. Of the 1,686 vehicle occupants killed in fatal crashes, approximately 26% were not using proper safety equipment, such as wearing a seatbelt.19

The Impact of Impaired Driving

Driving while impaired or intoxicated has long been considered the number one traffic safety problem in the United States. Nationwide, alcohol impaired driving crashes claimed the lives of 9,967 people in 2014, or 31% of the overall total. That was a slight decrease from 2013, when 10,110 people died, and it represented an average of one alcohol-related fatality every 53 minutes.20

In California, 1,197 people, or 38% of the 2013 California total, were killed in traffic crashes caused by drivers who were under the influence of alcohol or drugs. This was an increase from the previous year, which saw 1,169 deaths attributed to driving under the influence of alcohol. 21

These may be grim statistics, but they do not even begin to illustrate the ongoing emotional and physical impact on the victims of impaired driving and their families. No matter how well you can hold your drink, it is simply not possible to drive safely after drinking alcohol or taking other drugs. While it may be true that not every impaired or intoxicated driver will crash, each and every single one is dangerous, not just to him or herself, but to all others sharing the road as well. The risk is even greater with young people because they have less experience with both alcohol and driving. Although drivers between the ages of 16 and 20 make up only about 8% of the total driving population, they account for over 17% of the drivers in alcohol-related fatalities. This is one reason why license revocation penalties for young drivers caught drinking are more severe.22

Other Factors

Approximately 45% of all passenger vehicle occupants nationwide that died in traffic crashes in 2014 were unrestrained. Moreover, of the victims who were between the ages of 25-34 and 35-44, 53% were not restrained. Those under the age of 4 (20%) and over the age of 75 (25%) had the lowest rate of unrestrained vehicle deaths.23

In California, 25.9% of all vehicle occupants (436 out of 1,686) failed to use proper safety equipment, such as wearing their seat belt and thus perished.24 While that is a significantly lower rate than the national average, 54.6% of children under the age of 16 were not restrained when they died in traffic crashes (47 of 86).25

Speeding is estimated to cost society $52 billion annually, or $1,649 per second. Nationally, speeding was a factor in 28% of all fatal crashes, resulting in 9,262 deaths. As may be expected, young males were the most likely to speed. Of male drivers ages 15 to 20 who were involved in fatal crashes, 36% were speeding. Furthermore, most of these types of crashes did not occur on freeways, as 87% of fatal speed-related collisions occurred on other types of roads.26 As noted, in California, 436 fatalities were caused by drivers traveling at unsafe speeds. A number of studies have made it clear that the types of violations that are the primary contributing factors to crashes are speeding, inattention, and alcohol/drug consumption.27

Time of day is also a factor in traffic crashes. California statistics show fatal crashes most often occur on at rush hour and on weekends in the late night and early morning hours when people are most likely to have been drinking. During the work week, injury crashes are most likely to occur between 7:00 – 9:00 AM and 4:00 – 6:00 PM with the heaviest concentration just when you’d expect them, during rush hour. 57% of California’s fatal crashes in 2013 (1,638 of 2,853 in the SWITRS database) happened between noon and midnight. The worst hours were clearly 5:00 to 10:00 PM (811 fatalities) and Midnight to 3:00 AM (347 fatalities). More than 65% of injury collisions happened between noon and midnight (102,154 out of 156,909 in the SWITRS database) with crashes most common between 3:00 and 6:00 PM (37,094).28 The most recent national results breakdown fatalities by daytime and nighttime with about 48% dying during daylight hours, 47% during nighttime hours, and 4% at dusk and dawn. Similar to California, across the United States most injury crashes occur between 3:00 PM and 6:00 PM (close to 26%) with the highest rate of fatal crashes occur between 3:00 PM to midnight (47%).29

These are just a few of the numerous factors contributing to traffic crashes. The number of deaths nationwide decreased from 43,510 in 2005 to 32,675 in 2014, a drop of about 25% over the course of a decade.30 When we consider California over a similar time period, the fatality figures have decreased significantly, from 4,094 deaths in 2004 to 3,104 in 2013, which is a drop of 24%.31 With people being the primary causes of traffic crashes, we must do our part to continue to reduce the number of fatalities on our roads. The first step you can take is to evaluate your driving habits and to apply safe driving techniques, which will be covered in the sections that follow. The more people that drive safely, the safer the road will become.

“Accident” vs. “Collision”

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “accidents” are defined as unexpected, unavoidable events. And in many people’s minds, the word also suggests an event due solely to fortune or chance. But crashes and injuries aren’t unforeseeable or unavoidable at all. In theory, vehicular accidents are both predictable and preventable. In other words, you don’t have to be psychic to predict that if a driver runs a red light, speeds, drives drunk or breaks other rules of the road, the likelihood of a crash goes way up. In the event of a car, bicycle or motorcycle crash, those who are not buckled up or not wearing helmets are, predictably, more vulnerable to injury and even death.
A. “Rear-Ender” – This is the most common collision type and is nearly always the fault of the car in the rear. When you tailgate, you do not leave enough stopping distance between yourself and the vehicle you immediately follow. A rear-end collision is often the result of following too closely, but it can be prevented by signaling early for all turns, stops, and lane changes. It is also a good idea to frequently check the traffic behind your vehicle, and to change lanes immediately if you’re being tailgated. Always be aware of tailgaters and large vehicles following too closely or gaining rapidly from behind, and take appropriate action to avoid a collision.

B. Front or Side Collision – 1. From the Front – A head-on collision occurs suddenly and with little warning. Although there is not much you can do to cushion the impact, you can still minimize any injuries with certain actions. If your vehicle is going to be hit from the front, you should already be prepared by properly wearing your seatbelt and shoulder belt. If you have adequate warning, you can attempt to throw your body down across the seat to avoid hitting the steering wheel or windshield, especially if you do not have on a shoulder harness. However, the seatbelt is your best protection in all collisions.
2. From the Side – Also known as a “T-bone,” a side collision occurs most often at intersections where one driver fails to yield the right-of-way. In this type of collision, the front end of one vehicle crashes into the side of the other. It is usually more dangerous for the occupants of the vehicle hit on the side because the sides lack the structural reinforcement of the front end. Like a head-on, a side collision occurs suddenly. Again, the proper use of your seatbelt is your best protection. However, if you have adequate warning, you can try to hold onto the steering wheel to keep from being thrown against the side of your car’s interior. This will also allow you to maintain control of your vehicle. Do not brace yourself against the steering wheel, since a stiff arm will likely break as a result of the enormous forces involved in the crash.

Statistics

• The leading cause of highway collisions is following too closely, or tailgating.
• 12 percent of all collisions are caused by drivers 16-24 years of age.
• 9 percent of all fatal collision involve drivers 15-20 years of age.
• Young drivers (15-20) only make up 5.5 percent of all licensed drivers.32

Car Design

Car manufacturers design vehicles with safety in mind. Drivers should familiarize themselves with their vehicle’s safety features, as they assist in collision prevention.
A. Windshield – The purpose of the windshield is to protect the driver and any passengers from the environment. Fibers and plastic are often laminated within the glass so the windshield will not shatter completely in a collision. A clean, clear windshield is a vital element for driving, yet it is often overlooked as a safety tip. Properly functioning windshield wipers are not just useful during rain or snow, but may also clear the windshield in the event of sand or dust storms. Under ordinary storm conditions, windshield wipers should be able to clear fog, snow or rain. A water repellant designed for cars may be used on the windshield to further improve visibility when it rains. The most skilled driver on the road cannot control his or her vehicle if visibility is impaired. Prior to driving, it is imperative that you check your visibility to ensure it is not hampered by a dirty windshield or dirty rear window. It is illegal to drive a vehicle on the roads if your vision is impaired to the front or rear by a poorly maintained or defective windshield.
Note: The vehicle’s windshield should not have any objects such as stickers affixed to it as to obstruct the visibility of the driver. Signs or hanging objects from the rear view mirror are also prohibited. Window stickers are only permitted in the following places:

• on side windows to the rear of the driver
• the 7″ square in the lower corner of the rear window opposite the driver
• the 5″ square in the lower corner near the driver
• the 7″ square in the lower corner of the windshield opposite the driver

No tinted glass may be placed on the front side windows unless you or a front seat passenger have a letter from a physician, surgeon or optometrist stating that you have a special condition requiring it. Tinted safety glass is allowed only if it conforms to U.S. Department of Transportation standards and does not hinder the safe operation of the vehicle. Sun screening devices may be used on the front side windows to protect either the driver or passenger sitting in the front seat. A letter from a doctor is also required. These devices must be removable as they are not permitted during darkness.

B. Crumple Zones – Cars are designed to collapse in a collision in order to absorb the force on impact. The “accordion” look often seen in cars involved in serious collisions is caused by the vehicle’s design, where the energy of the crash is dispersed throughout its crumpled mass. Assuming the occupants remain in the vehicle safely buckled, this design feature dramatically reduces injury in collisions.
C. Truck Under-Ride – There is a bar affixed to the rear of large trucks that extends down from their trailer; it is designed to prevent cars from going under them during a crash. As a rear-ender is the most common collision type, this helps to prevent the tops of vehicles from being sheared off by the trailers of large trucks.
D. Mirrors – Every motor vehicle subject to California registration, except motorcycles, must be equipped with two mirrors to reflect to the driver’s view of the highway for a distance of at least 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle. One mirror must be affixed to the left-hand side of the vehicle, and the other may be mounted in the interior or on the right-hand side. All vehicles registered out of state and all motorcycles must have at least one mirror located as to reflect to the driver a distance to the rear of 200 feet. Mirrors must be mounted on both the left- and right-hand sides of any vehicle constructed or loaded in a way that obstructs the driver’s rear view, as well as any vehicle towing another when the towed vehicle obstructs the driver’s view to the rear. A convex and/or panoramic mirror may be installed to improve your view of the rear.

Emergencies

Driving on the roads of California requires attentiveness, skill, a vehicle that is responsive, a little luck, and a subconscious mind that can quickly react. When an emergency occurs on the road, the decision to act must be made in a split-second, and you must know instinctively what to do. The following will prepare you for an emergency driving situation:
A. Brake Failure – Many factors can cause brake failure. Wet brakes that result from driving through puddles or standing water, or brake overheating caused by prolonged use or hard driving, can each lead to failure. There is a requirement that every vehicle on the road in California be in proper working order with functional equipment. This includes brakes. In passenger vehicles, there are two main braking systems: a hydraulic four-wheel brake system, and a mechanically operated rear-wheel parking brake. All brakes and brake components should be maintained in good condition at all times. Properly maintained brakes are not only required by law, but are essential for the safe operation of the motor vehicle. It is advisable to check the condition of a vehicle’s brakes periodically to ensure that they function properly. An emergency situation would involve a total failure of the brakes along with the vehicle gaining momentum and speed heading downhill. If total brake failure occurs, there are several corrective actions a driver can take. Procedures to follow include:

• Pumping Brakes – A brake line is often clogged, and brake fluid is not flowing properly. Pumping would attempt to distribute brake fluid adequately. Try this solution first.
  NOTE: Do not pump Anti-lock Brakes (ABS). To initiate ABS Brakes, you must fully compress the brake pedal to near maximum capacity. This will cause the computer to pulsate the brake pads automatically and will continue while pressure is held down on the brake pedal.
• Downshift – The goal is to create more friction in the transmission. Shifting to a lower gear will create more tension in the transmission and slow down the vehicle. Downshifting would also be effective in an automatic transmission vehicle.
• Apply Parking Brake – Use of the parking brake should be a gradual application, with no dramatic movements. Dramatic tugging at the brake may cause loss of vehicle control and overturning. The parking brake in many vehicles is rarely used. Drivers are under the false impression that a vehicle parked while still in gear is unlikely to roll. The parking brake, however, is in a motor vehicle for a reason. The law requires car manufactures to include parking brakes on vehicles, and any vehicle sold in the State of California must include a parking brake. A properly functioning parking brake should be used at all times in conjunction with a vehicle left in gear or in the parked position. The parking brake should be sufficient enough to hold the vehicle on any grade and should be capable of locking the wheels to limit any vehicle movement. Your goal is to slow the vehicle by any means and not lock up your wheels, as locked wheels may only cause more problems.



• Attempt to Warn Others – When your vehicle’s brakes are not functioning, you should honk the horn or make other efforts to notify them. An out-of-control vehicle is a hazard to all on the road.
• Sideswipe Objects (attempting to reduce speed) – Sideswiping involves slowing the vehicle by deflecting the car off other objects on the road. No object should ever be hit head-on, nor should objects like curbs be hit, as they could cause the car to over-turn. Guardrails and parked cars would be good objects to sideswipe, as they might gradually slow the vehicle.
• Shift into Reverse – This action will grind all the gears of the transmission together, slowing down the vehicle. The transmission will be destroyed, but your life may be saved.
  NOTE: The vehicle should never be turned off in an attempt to stop. This action will cause other car functions, such as power steering, to also fail.

B. Tire Blowout – A simple flat is often manageable when driving. A blowout, however, includes the shredding of a tire to the point where a driver is left driving on a rim with no control of the vehicle. If you need to swerve into an object, do so into something that will “give,” reducing the chance of injury. Sound the horn and flash the lights to alert other drivers that there is a problem. The first reaction when a blowout occurs is to slam down on the brakes. This instant human reaction, however, will only cause more damage. A driver should hold the steering wheel firmly, take the foot off the gas, and brake cautiously. In addition, the driver should know the following actions to prevent a collision in the case of such blowouts:

• Left Front Tire – The car will pull to the left, and its steering will be quite heavy. One should not fight the pull, but instead grab hold of the steering wheel with both hands, gain control of the vehicle, and gradually slow the vehicle. No dramatic or excessive braking should be attempted.



• Right Front Tire – The car will pull to the right, and its steering will be quite heavy. One should not fight the pull, but instead grab hold of the steering wheel with both hands, gain control of the vehicle, and gradually slow the vehicle. No dramatic or excessive braking should be attempted. At speeds below 55 mph, a blowout should be an easily controlled emergency.
• Rear Tires – This will cause the car to fishtail and feel unstable in the rear. Control of the steering wheel is vital, as is awareness of any other vehicles in the vicinity. Slowing the car gradually will help alleviate collision potential.

Watch this video to review brake failure and tire problems.

C. Skids – There are several different ways that your vehicle can become involved in a skid. Because each type of skid will require you to react differently and quickly, it’s important to know what causes skids and how you can maintain control of your car when they occur.

• Acceleration Skids – These types of skids occur when the drive wheels of the vehicle lose traction with the road surface due to rapid acceleration. When you feel your vehicle slipping and starting to skid, do not apply the brakes. Instead, ease off the gas, straighten the front wheels, and let the vehicle straighten itself out
• Locked Wheel Skids – Breaking too hard at high speeds can sometimes cause your vehicle’s wheels to lock. This is dangerous because the vehicle will skid no matter which way you turn the steering wheel. In order to unlock your wheels, take your foot off the brake. Next, straighten the front wheels and let the vehicle straighten itself out. Then gradually slow down until you are traveling at a safe speed.
• “Fishtailing” – Fishtailing, or a rear wheel skid, occurs when the rear of the vehicle slides out to the right or the left of a vehicle’s direction of travel. This can happen when a driver makes a quick turn. The risk of fishtailing increases on wet or icy roads.
  The old adage, “steer or turn into the skid,” applies to fishtailing; however, it is critical for the driver to understand the saying’s meaning. In a fishtail skid, the back wheels of the vehicle are the ones actually skidding, with the front tires following. The driver must turn the steering wheel in the direction that the back wheels are skidding. In short, steer the vehicle in the intended direction. Some call it “counter” steering, while others simply call it “correcting” the skid. This description is appropriate as long as the wheels of the vehicle again grasp the road and find the pavement grooves.
  Drivers commonly turn the steering wheel into the direction the vehicle is perceived to be skidding or the direction the front of the vehicle is headed. This will only add to the problem and send the car spiraling out of control. In a car with front-wheel drive, the same actions should be taken, yet some minor acceleration should be applied. Again, the attempt is to regain traction between your vehicle’s wheels and the pavement.



• Slippery Surface Skids – Roads that are normally safe to travel on may become dangerous due to snow or ice. If you start to skid in these slippery road conditions, ease off the accelerator, don’t brake, and turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. If you are unable to stop your car from skidding, try to get one of your wheels on dry pavement or a shoulder of the road so that you can get some traction. If necessary, look for something soft like a bushes or a snow bank to stop your vehicle.
  Anytime you are driving on roads with snow or ice, slow it down and give yourself more following distance from the vehicle in front of you. Approach curves and intersections slower and avoid fast turns and quick stops. Before going down a steep hill, shift into a lower gear and always avoid slippery areas, such as oil, deep puddles, and ice patches, if you can.
  If you start to notice that your brakes are having trouble stopping the longer you drive in wet weather, dry them by LIGHTLY pressing the gas and brake pedal at the same time. This will cause the vehicle to drive against the pressure of the brakes so that they dry. Perform this maneuver only until the brakes are dry.
• Hydroplaning – When it rains, a thin film of water is created in the surface of the roadway. At high speeds, this thin film of water is constantly being forced between your tire and the road and may cause your tires to lose traction and skid in an effect known as “hydroplaning.” Hydroplaning can occur at speeds as low as 50 mph. Oftentimes, your front wheels will lose traction, but all four wheels may lose contact with the roadway and temporarily ride on the thin film of water described above. When this occurs, it is difficult to steer or brake without losing control of your vehicle. While you are hydroplaning, even a slight change of direction or strong wind can take your vehicle into a skid. If you feel your vehicle starting to hydroplane, slow down by gradually taking your foot off the accelerator. This will help your vehicle regain traction. Do not brake, accelerate, or try to turn because this may make your vehicle skid farther out of control. The best way to avoid hydroplaning is to slow down when there are heavy rains or roads that have been recently saturated with water. For a recap on hydroplaning, watch the following animation:

Special note on skids…

• Avoid turning or swerving suddenly
• Don’t apply the brakes too quickly
• Pump the brakes and don’t oversteer
• Keep the vehicle clutch engaged and don’t suddenly remove your foot from the accelerator
• Pay special attention to driving on snow or ice
• Avoid driving on the shoulder of the road
• When traction is poor to begin with, drive slowly in a lower gear and accelerate gradually

D. Oncoming Car / Wrong Side of the Road – The goal is to take evasive action as quickly as possible. Drivers waiting until the last second to initiate a maneuver rarely have enough time to avoid a collision. An early evasive move might cause, at worst, a sideswipe or a rear-end collision but will help avoid the more dangerous head-on collision. In order to minimize the chance of a crash, the driver should slow down as quickly as possible, pull to the extreme right or drive off the road completely, and/or flash the headlights and sound the horn.
E. Steering Wheel Locks – The key ignition should never be moved or adjusted while the vehicle is in motion, so this problem should never occur. However, if the steering wheel were to lock, which would result in a potential loss of control of the moving vehicle, slow the vehicle as quickly as possible by whatever means are necessary.

F. Car Stalls/Breakdowns – The actions you should take when your car stalls will vary according to time and location, among other factors. The goal is to show other drivers that your vehicle is disabled and road service or a tow is required. These rules usually apply:

• Try to get your car off the road. Removing your car from the road will reduce the possibility of another vehicle hitting you. However, if left on the road for any reason, the vehicle must have its hazard lights on. A dark vehicle on the road is a collision waiting to happen. NOTE: The purpose of emergency flashers is to alert other drivers that an emergency situation or collision is ahead. If the emergency flashers do not work, put on the vehicle’s turn signals instead.
• Remain in the car buckled up and lock the doors. Walking aimlessly on the side of the road in search of assistance is unwise and unsafe. Sitting in the locked vehicle and wearing your seatbelt while waiting for law enforcement is the most prudent move. Law enforcement is always alert to disabled vehicles. If a stranger offers to help, ask only that the person call for assistance such as the police or a tow truck, or politely decline. NOTE: When the vehicle is disabled on a freeway, always attempt to pull to the shoulder and try to warn approaching traffic when necessary. Use signals, hazard lights or flares.

G. Accelerator Sticks – This is usually not a major problem and can be solved by stepping repeatedly on the accelerator. If the vehicle continues to increase in speed, however, either step on the clutch to disengage the gears or shift the vehicle into the neutral position. As a last resort, you can turn the vehicle off completely, but be aware that this action may result in a loss of the power steering.

H. Fan Belt Sticks or Breaks – The vehicle will most probably overheat in this situation. The driver should turn on the vehicle’s heat to the highest setting. This will draw much of the heat from the engine block, helping to cool the vehicle. The vehicle should not be driven for more than a few minutes in this condition.
I. Steering Problems – Steering problems should not be solved on the road while driving. Slow down immediately. If power steering fails, the driver will have to work extremely hard to steer the vehicle, but full control will not be lost. Use your flashers and bright lights to warn others that there is a problem.

J. Headlight Failure

• Try switching the headlights on and off a few times.
• Try to adjust the dimmer switch.
• Try turning on the parking lights, emergency lights, or turn signals.

K. Hood Latch Failure – If the hood latch fails and the hood opens while you are driving, take the following actions:

• Slow your vehicle immediately.
• Put your head out of the window and look around the hood.
• Use the center marking lines or lanes as a guide.
• Pull off the road as soon as possible, as you pose a risk to yourself and other drivers.
• Turn on your emergency lights.

L. Stuck tires – When tires get stuck in the snow or a similar substance like mud, shift the car into low gear and attempt to pull forward as much as possible, with the wheels angled straight ahead. When wheels are turned to the side, they provide a greater resistance to forward and reverse motions. Do the same maneuver in reverse, and then forward again, without spinning the tires. This forward and backward motion should be repeated until the car moves free. A wooden object such as a branch or board may be used under the tires if they are submerged very deeply. The use of snow chains helps to reduce the chance of tires getting stuck.
M. Soft Shoulders – The soft shoulder on highways is to be used in emergency situations only. Driving on the soft shoulder is highly dangerous; it can lead to loss of vehicle control. Some shoulders are paved which allows for optimum vehicle traction. Yet soft shoulders are usually just packed dirt that is unstable and should be used only in an emergency. Drivers are never allowed to drive off of the paved or main portion of the roadway onto the soft shoulder to pass other vehicles.
N. Returning to the Road from an Uneven Surface – You may need to pull off the road for some reason and the shoulder or roadside onto which you must pull your vehicle may be a different kind of surface from the roadway itself. It may be pot-holed, spread with gravel, or be dirt. Most single-vehicle rollover crashes are caused by a driver who has driven off the road and then jerked the steering wheel to correct his or her position. The key to safely driving off the road and safely returning involves gradually moving off and back. The turning of the steering wheel should be slight so that the chance of erratic vehicle movement when your tires encounter an uneven or unpaved shoulder is reduced. To leave the road, coast, don’t brake or accelerate and move the steering wheel so that you stay close to parallel to the roadway as you ease off. Brake and keep steering straight. To return to the road, steer gently to the left until you reel the left front tire on the roadway. Then steer gently back to the right to straighten the car. Steer gently to the left again until all four wheels are back on the road surface.
O. Bad Pavement – It is vital as a defensive driver to be aware of all road conditions that may affect your safe use of the highway. Bad pavement is a major contributing factor to many traffic collisions. The vehicle loses traction with the road surface, likely caused by pot holes or bumps, while other factors make it difficult to simply steer the vehicle altogether. Drivers need to know the road conditions of areas where they intend to travel prior to beginning the trip. Local law enforcement or city agencies can keep drivers updated on all road conditions. Preparation for bad pavement or the choice to take an alternative route can help reduce collision potential. When speeds are increased during freeway driving, be prepared to steer around blocked roadways or obstructions to the roadway. Try to steer around any stalled cars as well, and warn other vehicles behind by utilizing brake and hazard lights.
P. Drop-Offs – Drop-offs are dangerous shoulders of the road that drop off or are beveled into an abrupt drop from the normal roadway. Falling rain may also create a flowing gutter of water often a foot or more deep, creating an even more unstable driving situation. If your tires do drop off the side of the roadway for any reason, DO NOT APPLY THE BRAKES! The uneven traction may cause a loss of control. Gradually take your foot off the accelerator while you maintain a firm grip on the steering wheel. Check for traffic before returning to the roadway. When traffic is clear, steer sharply towards the roadway, and then center your car in your lane.
Q. Stuck in Deep Water – An overloaded vehicle has an increased chance of stalling in water. If you run into deep water, get stuck, and do not sink, try to escape immediately through a window. If you do sink, wait until the pressure equalizes before you try and open a window or door. First get into the back seat where air pockets usually form and kick out the back window. The back window is designed to come off fairly easily.
R. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Beware of carbon monoxide poisoning. Vehicle motors give off carbon monoxide, which is a deadly gas. To avoid carbon monoxide poisoning:

• Do not leave the motor running in a garage.
• Do not leave the motor running and windows closed when you park your vehicle.
• Do not use the heater or air conditioner in a parked vehicle with the windows closed.
• Do not leave the vents open when following closely behind another vehicle.
• Do not drive with a defective muffler or exhaust system.

Collision Avoidance

Scanning One of the best ways to avoid collisions is by scanning. When you’re actively scanning the environment around your vehicle, you will be aware of potential road hazards and maintain a safe distance between other drivers and your vehicle. The distance you leave on all sides of your vehicle is known as a “space cushion” and gives you time to react if something goes wrong on the road.
While scanning, look 10-15 seconds ahead of your vehicle so that you have a clear view of what is going on in your environment. If you only pay attention to what’s in front of your vehicle, you may miss dangerous situations until it’s too late! Scanning ahead allows you to plan emergency maneuvers and give yourself an “out” if something goes wrong. Remember that scanning 10-15 seconds ahead in the city is about one block, while on the highway this equals about a quarter mile.
Scanning and taking in the scene in front of you allows you to see regulatory and informational signs and roadway problems before you encounter them. It also lets you see and anticipate vehicles and pedestrians that may be in the roadway as your approach.
When you are scanning, you should also be aware of the vehicles to your sides and behind you by using your mirrors. Check your side mirrors, your rearview mirror, and make adjustments if a car is too close to your space cushion. For instance, if a car is following too closely behind you and wants to pass, you can move over a lane and let them pass when it is safe, or if a vehicle seems to be swerving to your side, you can slow down to give it some space. Check your rearview mirror every 2-5 seconds to verify the positions of vehicles near you and maintain your space cushion.
There are three other very important things that should be taken in when you scan the road. First, keep your eye on parked vehicles to your right for any sign that they are moving into traffic. Look for any movement from vehicles, especially front wheels turning towards a traffic lane or taillights lighting up as a driver steps on the brake or starts his car. Second, watch for vehicles at intersections that might take your right-of-way, vehicles making left or right turns in front of you as you approach an intersection or vehicles exiting driveways on your right. Finally, pay attention to how others are driving. It is possible to spot an inattentive driver by seeing, for example, that he or she is not looking at you or the road as your vehicle approaches. Look for erratic driving on the part of others such as speeding, weaving, and tailgating and distance yourself from such behavior.

Freeways

When you are traveling on freeways, traffic conditions can change quickly, so scanning is especially helpful. Be more vigilant for signals from other drivers, and make sure that you don’t develop a “fixed stare” (sometimes called “road hypnosis”). Remember to expect merging vehicles if you are in the far right lane and adjust your speed to traffic conditions and road flow.

Changing Lanes

When you are ready to change lanes, it’s important to look into your rearview mirror for vehicles that may be approaching, and over your shoulder and to your sides to check your blind spots. It’s easy for blind spots not covered by your mirrors to conceal another vehicle, motorcycle, bicyclist, or pedestrian. Remember, it’s far better to take the time to check your blind spots and miss your exit or turn than hit another vehicle or pedestrian!
It’s also important to avoid changing lanes when you are in or approaching an intersection. Once you start through an intersection in one lane, stay in it. If you move from the right hand lane to the left lane, you may cause a collision with a vehicle that has begun to make a left turn-even if the driver of that vehicle should have waited for you to pass through the intersection before beginning to make his turn. If you move from the left lane to the right, you may cause a collision with a vehicle beginning to make a right turn at the intersection or with a vehicle exiting a driveway or parking place just past the intersection.

Watch the following video for tips on changing lanes.

Right of Way Rules

Right-of-way rules, along with courtesy and common sense, promote traffic safety. It is important to respect the right-of-way of others, especially pedestrians, motorcycle riders, and bicycle riders. Never assume other drivers will give you the right-of-way. Yield your right-of-way when it helps to prevent collisions. Respecting the right-of-way of others is not limited to situations such as yielding to pedestrians in crosswalks, or watching carefully to ensure the right-of-way of bicyclists and motorcyclists. You respect the right-of-way of others by not violating traffic laws, such as failing to stop at a stop sign or traffic light, speeding, making unsafe lane changes, or illegal turns. Statistics show that right-of-way violations cause a high percentage of injury collisions in California.33

Watch this video for more information on right-of-way rules.

Getting “Cut-Off”

If you have been following too closely and another vehicle cuts into your lane in front of you, take your foot off the gas and let your car slow down. By doing this, you will have more space between your vehicle and the other driver. Plus, you won’t have to slam on your brakes and worry about getting rear-ended, or swerve into another lane. Remember to stay calm. There are more important things in the world to get angry about!

The Three-Second Following Rule

Following too closely, or tailgating, is extremely dangerous. Not only does the vehicle in front of you block your view of the road when you tailgate, but if the vehicle stops, you are much more likely to collide with it. In fact, most rear end collisions are caused by tailgaters! Don’t be one of them!
In order to avoid tailgating, use the “Three-Second Following Rule.” Following the three-second rule allows for a three-second gap between vehicles. This allows the driver to see clear of the vehicle ahead and keeps a safe distance in case of an emergency or unexpected traffic situation. To establish the three-second gap, a fixed point should be located on the side of the roadway, and the vehicle ahead should pass the fixed point at least three seconds ahead of the driver’s vehicle. This is achieved by counting “one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three” then assessing the following distance. It is important to understand that speed on a freeway or highway is not a factor to use to increase your following distance from the three-second rule under normal driving conditions. The three-second rule was established because at any speed it takes into account both the driver’s perception and reaction time based on the relative speed of a vehicle. A vehicle going 30 mph is going 45 feet per second. A vehicle going 60 mph is going 90 feet per second. At 30 mph, using the three-second rule you are going to be following a vehicle from 135 feet behind. At 60 mph, following the same three-second rule would mean you are following at 270 feet.

When the Three-Second Following Rule Isn’t Enough

Sometimes the Three-Second Following Rule doesn’t provide enough space, and you’ll need to increase your following distance to four or more seconds. Here is a brief listing of some of the conditions in which you should do that. However, you should always use your judgment, and if your find yourself driving through an environment that requires extra caution, slow down when:

• The roads are slippery (rain, snow, ice, oil) or weather dictates
• You are following a motorcyclist on an icy or wet road–remember, if he falls, he has nothing to protect him! You’ll want to give motorcyclists some space so you avoid them if they go down.
• You have a tailgater behind you. Slow down gradually, give yourself some room, and merge into another lane.
• A driver behind you is trying to pass. Giving a little extra room in front of you will provide room for them to get into your lane.
• You are towing a trailer or a heavy load. This will increase your stopping distance, so you’ll want to allow your vehicle more room.
• You are behind large vehicles that are blocking your view or your view is otherwise obstructed. Giving yourself more space between large vehicles like commercial trucks will let you see around them and scan more effectively.
• A bus, school bus, or placarded vehicle is at or approaching a railroad crossing. These vehicles are required to stop at railroad crossings, so give them extra room in anticipation of this.
• You are merging onto a freeway.

An Important Note:

Motorcycles generally can stop faster than passenger vehicles. So allow a four-second following distance. You may need the extra space.

Here are some additional tips to help you avoid collisions:

• Be alert and well rested when driving.
• Always expect the unexpected. Never assume drivers will follow through on what they appear to be doing.
• Look for potential hazards, poor road conditions, wrecks, etc.
• Seek out an escape route, if available.
• Adjust speed to suit conditions.
• Plan ahead.
• Honk your horn when appropriate (you are only allowed to use your horn to avoid or warn others of a potential collision).
• Watch out for trucks and buses.
• Watch out for pedestrians and bicyclists.
• Signal your intentions.

Remember, practicing good vehicle maintenance can greatly reduce the chances of emergency situations on the road.

Planning for Trips

You should always keep an emergency kit in your car. This kit will help you in emergency situations such as breakdowns or natural disasters like earthquakes. It is especially important to have this kit with you on long trips because you may be on your own when an emergency situation occurs. You should keep the following items in your car:

• Fully equipped first aid kit and manual.
• Bottled water and non-perishable foods.
• Blanket or blankets.
• Flashlight and extra batteries.
• Fire extinguisher.
• Pocket radio and extra batteries.
• Tissues and/or moistened wipes.
• Sturdy shoes such as tennis shoes and an extra set of clothing.
• Maps or other navigation aid and waterproof matches.
• Gloves and personal toiletries.
• Any necessary prescription medication.

The above list is a suggestion to be well prepared in the event of an emergency. Add to it whatever items you believe you will need in case your car becomes inoperable. If equipped and aware when you become stuck in an earthquake situation or bad weather, you will decrease your stress and danger potential.

Remember, when you are planning for trips to check ahead of time on road conditions via news and information sources. If there is road construction or traffic congestion on a particular route, you may decide that another road is a better choice. Planning ahead will also help you determine weather conditions that require extra preparation for your vehicle. For instance, if you find that there is heavy snow on a particular road, you may determine that you need to put snow chains on your tires before setting out.
Remember to budget in extra travel time for your trip so that you aren’t rushing. Not only will you make sure you get to your destination on time, but you will have less stress.
Before a long trip, make sure that your vehicle is running in optimum condition. Check your car’s oil, tires (including the spare), and overall performance, or have it looked over by a knowledgeable professional. We will go over how to check over your vehicle in more detail in a later chapter, and give you some of the knowledge necessary to make sure your vehicle is road-ready. Just remember for now that with motor vehicle maintenance, it’s always better to be safe than sorry!

Safe Driving Tips for Mature Drivers

Mature drivers, age 65 and older, made up 17% of all licensed drivers in the United States in 2013, which shows a steady increase from 15% in 2004. They rank lower in aggressive actions such as drunk driving, speeding and tailgating, but do rank higher in the area of comprehension mistakes on the road. These include the misreading of signs or traffic signals, and becoming confused in high congestion areas. Mature drivers often find changes in their vision, concentration abilities, and reaction times that require them to become even more aware of safety and adjust their driving practices.34 Some safety tips for the mature driver include:

• Have your eyes checked annually or whenever your vision has changed or is not clear.
• Avoid driving at night if you cannot see well, or you have trouble seeing with bright lights.
• Drive only on familiar roads when possible.
• Don’t add any tinting to your windshield, as this may decrease visibility at night.
• Avoid driving in bad weather.
• Make sure your car is properly maintained and the headlamps are checked at least once a year for proper aiming.
• Always make sure you put the transmission in the “Park” position when leaving the vehicle and place your foot on the brake prior to shifting out of “Park.”
• Always wear a safety belt and adjust it properly. As people age, their bodies become more fragile, and safety belts become even more important to prevent injury.
• Always make sure you have an approved safety seat for your grandchildren prior to allowing them into your car.
• Don’t drive too slowly — drive the speed limit.

Safe Driving While in an Earthquake

In 2013, drivers in California traveled over 329 billion miles.35 Since earthquakes are quite common in this state, many drivers will be on the road when an earthquake strikes. The experience of driving during an earthquake has been compared to driving on flat tires. To be better prepared when an earthquake hits while you are driving, you should follow the following safety tips:

• Gradually decrease speed.
• Pull to the side of the road when it is safe — however — do not stop on bridges or overpasses.
• Avoid parking near trees, downed power lines, or buildings.
• Stop the car, stay inside with your seatbelt fastened, and remain there until the shaking stops.
• Aftershocks may follow, so be prepared to repeat the tips above.
• Turn on your car radio and listen for any updates and emergency information.
• Only begin to drive again when it is safe to do so.
• If on the freeway, exit when it is safe to do so.
• Always cooperate with police officers or other public safety officials.

Safe Driving in Extreme Heat Conditions

In sunny California, summer temperatures can sometimes reach into the triple digits. It is important for drivers to double check their vehicles during these conditions to prevent heat-related breakdowns. Auto Club members have reported an increase in vehicle breakdowns by 50 percent during days where temperatures reach the 90s and 100s. A check-up of your vehicle’s key equipment — including batteries, air conditioning, and cooling systems — is recommended, as well as the following tasks:

• Check the coolant level, and ensure appropriate mixture with water.
• Check and replace worn, blistered, or cracked belts and hoses.
• Check for uneven or worn tires and properly inflate all of them (including the spare).
• Check the level of motor oil, and use heavier motor oil when driving under extreme weather conditions.
• Check and replace old or weak batteries.
• Check the transmission fluid level and make sure it is clean, not dirty or emitting a burnt odor.
• Use a higher octane fuel when temperatures are high.
• Keep your car equipped with emergency items and a lot of drinking water, especially if traveling for an extended period of time.
• Keep a windshield shade to block out the hot sun if you become stranded.
• Keep a pair of sunglasses handy for use when the sun visor is not enough.

If the vehicle gets too hot while driving, always turn off your air conditioner and turn on your heater. This will help to draw heat away from the engine and cool it down. When going up a steep hill or grade, turn off your air conditioner to lessen the strain on the engine. This will limit the chances of a break down.
If you are responsible for young children, never leave them alone in a car, not even for a few minutes. A study published in the July 2005 issue of Pediatrics found that temperatures inside vehicles went up an average of 40 degrees in one hour even at mild temperatures like 72°, and opening the windows does not help.36 The bodies of young children cannot regulate temperature changes as well as that of adults, which puts them at risk of heat stroke inside a vehicle. A child’s body can heat up 3 to 5 times faster than an adult’s body. For children 14 and younger, heatstroke is the leading cause of non-crash related fatalities. Approximately 660 children died from 1998 to 2015 due to heatstroke. Of these fatalities, 54% were due to a caregiver forgetting about the child, 29% were due to the child playing in an unattended vehicle, and 17% were due to the child being intentionally left in a vehicle by an adult. In 2015, there were 24 heatstroke deaths of children left in vehicles.37,38

Heat stroke is not the only risk to children inside a vehicle. The buckle of a safety belt can also get hot. Children may operate power windows, sunroofs, or other vehicle features and be strangled. Those able to roam free in the vehicle may put the car in motion. Kidnapping is also a risk.
Although it is never a good idea to leave a child unattended in a vehicle, in California, it is illegal for a parent or guardian to leave a child 6 years of age or younger inside a motor vehicle without the supervision of a person 12 years of age or older in the following circumstances:

• There are conditions (like severe heat) that present a significant risk to the child’s health or safety.
• The vehicle’s engine is running, keys are in the ignition, or both.

If a parent or guardian violates these conditions, they may be punished by a fine of $100, or upon establishing to the satisfaction of the court that they are economically disadvantaged, be required to attend an education program on the dangers of leaving young children unattended in motor vehicles (California Vehicle Code 15620).
If the child dies as a result of being left in the car, the parent or guardian may be prosecuted under an involuntary manslaughter charge (California Penal Code 192).
Always take your children with you whenever you leave your vehicle, even if you only plan to be gone for a few minutes. Remember, your child’s safety comes first, and you should never put your needs above theirs.

Driver Distractions

There are many factors that can distract a driver on the road. Identifying distractions and not allowing them to adversely affect the driving task are vital to collision prevention. According to a 2006 study of real-world driver behavior sponsored by the NHTSA, nearly 80% of the crashes and 65% of near-misses were due to driver inattention. The use of cell phones was the most common distraction for drivers. It also found the following: